Traumatic Brain Injury, Race, and Economics: The Unpleasant Reality
I have observed with impunity, a silent form of racism that exists in our society and in just about every American health care delivery system against people of color.
If you are on Medicaid, without health care coverage, or have a low cost/low premium insurance plan, you are more likely than not to be an ethnic minority. After a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or trauma, as an ethnic minority, you have more of a chance to be discharged to a resource-limited nursing home over a fully comprehensive rehabilitation center.
Furthermore, you are more likely to have a limited support system once discharged and less likely to get care from a private clinic, due to the structure of insurance benefits. This limited access to care is one of the many reasons why poverty and low income is linked to poor health outcomes.
There is significant evidence that supports the notion that race and socioeconomic status affect patient outcomes after TBI. In an article published in the Journal of Trauma, Shahid Shafi stated that ethnic minorities with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are “15% less likely to be placed in rehabilitation” even after accounting for insurance status. Minorities experience worse long-term functional outcomes in post-injury standard of living, leisure activities, and when returning to work or school after TBI.
To further address this issue of race, economics, and TBI, let us look at the American justice system. In Chapter 10 of my book, Concussion: TBI from Head to Tail, I discuss how the issue of punishment over treatment takes center stage when we link race and other factors influencing incarceration, including mental illness, to TBI and concussion. This is not a pretty subject and extraordinarily little research with few dollars are typically spent on this issue.
Here are the facts:
Blacks have the highest rates of incarceration by race, five times the rates of whites.
Brain injury rates are 7 times higher in the prison population. Prisoners surveyed and evaluated in various prison systems have a prevalence of TBI/concussion between 65% and 92%. Most of them experienced moderate to severe injuries preincarceration.
A study by the Treatment Advocacy Center showed that people with untreated mental illness are 16 times more likely to be killed by law enforcement.
“In every county in the United States with both a county jail and a county psychiatric facility, more seriously mentally ill individuals are incarcerated than hospitalized.”
Many people classified as having mental illness and antisocial behavior in actuality have TBI and are mistakenly diagnosed in the healthcare system. Due to this misdiagnosis, these individuals often suffer further trauma by untrained law enforcement and are unfairly adjudicated by the legal system.
Irrespective of your stand on aberrant social behavior, including criminal, antisocial, and other negative behaviors in society, not recognizing how TBI and concussion play important roles in the evolution of these disorders is a travesty.
So, let’s think logically for a moment.
If most of the prison population comprises of African American males, and between 65% and 92% of those incarcerated suffered a concussion or TBI, then what other conclusions can we draw about the minority populations in prison?
Is brain injury partly responsible for high incarceration rates? and if so, what or who is causing such injuries? In the context of TBI and its effects, should the legal system be more considerate?
In this time of change, we must address the unpleasant reality associated with TBI, Race, and Economics by emphasizing prevention and treatment for all, over the current focus of punishment.
References:
Carroll, Heather. “Serious Mental Illness Prevalence in Jails and Prisons.” Treatment Advocacy Center, 2016, www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/evidence-and-research/learn-more-about/3695.
Initiative, Prison Policy. “U.S. Incarceration Rates by Race.” U.S. Incarceration Rates by Race | Prison Policy Initiative, www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/raceinc.html.
Nedd, Kester. “Chapter 10.” Concussion: Traumatic Brain Injury from Head to Tail, Archway, 2020.
Shafi S;de la Plata CM;Diaz-Arrastia R;Bransky A;Frankel H;Elliott AC;Parks J;Gentilello LM; “Ethnic Disparities Exist in Trauma Care.” The Journal of Trauma, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17993963/.
